Public Enemy Number One Essay - 1934 Words

Mexico’s economic struggles have given life to ruthless organizations known as the Mexican drug cartels. These drug lords have been a growing source of conflict for decades and fuel the continuous war being fought against drugs. The socio-economic statuses of the areas that harbor these gangs have a direct impact on the cartels’ migration to the United States. America’s more stable economy has enticed the cartels to capitalize on the demand for drugs. Through collaboration between Mexico and the United States the fight to reduce the smuggling and violence on the border can be reduced. Mexico is ranked as the fourth largest country that is located in the western hemisphere. Their efforts to improve and modernize the economy have been†¦show more content†¦The drug cartels main focus is the drug trade but they are also tied to both human and arms trafficking, auto theft, murder and kidnaping. (Cook) Human corpses fill the streets as the cartels fight for power, destroying all hope. Winning the war on drugs, in the eyes of the community, hardly seems feasible. According to Mexican officials, there are seven drug families operating in Mexico who are supported by enforcer gangs. These gangs fill the void of leadership when members are arrested by authorities. The enforcer gangs are known by different names but act under the command of one family. There are three major drug cartels that are present in most of Mexico; the Gulf Cartel, Sinaloa Cartel and the Juarez Cartel. (Cook) (Appendix I) The Gulf Cartel relies on the Zeta’s as their enforcer gang. This gang is one of the most organized gangs that associate themselves with the cartels and have significant military training. They were created by lieutenants and sub-lieutenants who abandoned the Mexican Air Force in the late 1990’s. Due to the significant training the founders were given, the Zetas are able to carry out more intricate missions with the ability to use more sophisticated weaponry. Mexican officials say the group is growing rapidly and now their organization includes corruption that extents to the federal, state and local law enforcement agencies. (Cook) The Sinaloa Cartel presence is seenShow MoreRelatedThe Slavery Of The United States Essay1728 Words   |  7 PagesAngelica Hulett Professor Skipper WRIT 101-09 31 October 2016 Actions Speak Louder Than Words Many people are aware that counterculture is a lifestyle and set of beliefs that resist the normalities of society. One of the most controversial topics of counterculture that began hundreds of years ago is the treatment of black individuals in America. Dating back to the seventeenth century, Africans were taken from their homes and arrived in the United States as slaves. Although some colored people wereRead MoreEye Of The Sky, The Biggest Moral Dilemma Of Drone Warfare1423 Words   |  6 Pageswarfare The use of drones in battle fields remains to be one of the most divisive subjects in modern warfare. 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Why I Am Going for My Bsn Essay - 959 Words

Completing my bachelor’s degree in Nursing has been a personal goal of mine since I graduated with my associate’s degree in nursing. Having my BSN degree is essential for my career and personal development. Initially after graduating with my ASN, I enrolled in a BSN program and started my first class, when life happened. I was a single mother raising my 5 year old daughter, working the night shifts at Miami Children’s Hospital. I was dating my now husband and became pregnant with my second child. I ended up having to quit my job as a pediatric nurse which was my goal, to be a pediatric nurse, get my BSN and climb the ladder there. After the birth of my daughter my personal goals changed, and my academic and career goals were put on hold.†¦show more content†¦I am also concerned about the financial burden on my husband and my girls having to go without certain things, because we will not be able to afford them with the cost of my education. 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Duport Analysis the Number Game Free Essays

DuPont Analysis: Playing The Numbers Game! The summary of this case is that a newly joined CFO of a company, Plastichem Inc. , was able to turn the company’s unfortunate situation around when he first arrived. Yet, five years later, Plastichem has gone through some difficult times including their stock price/ratings severely dropping with no understanding as to why. We will write a custom essay sample on Duport Analysis: the Number Game or any similar topic only for you Order Now The case ends with the CFO attempting to figure out what went wrong with the numbers he was given. To determine the liquidity, we used the quick ratio, current ratio, and interest coverage ratio. From these equations, the higher the ratios meant the better of the company’s financial condition, or more liquidity. The acceptable ratios vary from different industries. In general, company’s quick ratio should be 1 or higher, and its current ratio should be above 1. 5 to be considered liquid. In the comparison between two companies’ ratios, DCM Molding has shown a better financial condition on average in the past four years, and Plastichem has barely met the acceptable average or is below the average in the past four years. Quick Ratio = (Cash and marketable securities + A/R + Other Current Asset)/ Current Liabilities | Year| 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| 0. 86| 1. 141| 1. 039| 0. 826| DCM Molding| 0. 99| 0. 93| 1. 114| 1. 568| | Year| | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| 1. 301| 1. 523| 1. 462| 1. 309| DCM Molding| 1. 632| 1. 518| 1. 826| 2. 095| | Year| | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| 0. 763| 1. 9113| 1. 962| 2. 442| DCM Molding| 4. 667| 1. 217| 4. 217| 8. 6| To measure the leverage, we calculated the debt-equity ratio. Plastichem had a relatively high Debt-Equity Ratio, which indicated that Plastichem was using many debts to finance its growth. High Debt-Equity Ratio also indicated that Plastichem bore more risk because the cost of debt (interest). The company would make more profit if the incremental profit exceeds the incremental cost of debt; however, the company may lose more money/ make less money if the incremental profit is less than the incremental cost of debt. | Year| | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| -19. 331| 5. 076| 4. 862| 1. 355| DCM Molding| 1. 192| 1. 477| 1. 274| 0. 714| To determine the profitability, we calculate the Profit Margin, ROE, and ROA. By looking at the ratios, Plastichem’s profit has dropped in the past four years. The high leverage may have enlarged the loss of the company. On the other hand, DCM Molding has shown a steady income/profit over the years. | Year| | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| -24. 14%| 0. 68%| 3. 45%| 5. 65%| DCM Molding| 5. 91%| 6. 19%| 5. 37%| 5. 09%| | Year| | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| ? | 3. 53%| 6. 38%| 17. 30%| DCM Molding| 17. 76%| 18. 64%| 17. 44%| 10. 95%| | Year| | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Plastichem| -26. 90%| 0. 58%| 1. 09%| 7. 34%| DCM Molding| 8. 10%| 7. 53%| 7. 66%| 6. 39%| A common size balance sheet is a different type of balance sheet that hows each dollar amount in a form of percentage of a common number from the actual balance sheet. Common size balance sheet is useful in comparing companies that have a different scale of operations. This type of balance sheet helps in observing at the firms as a common sized and it also helps in comparing the changes in various segments over a period of time. PLASTICHEM INCORPORATED| | | | | Annual Income Sta tements (Value in Millions)| | | | | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Sales| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| Cost of Sales| 74. 81%| 62. 76%| 63. 39%| 65. 04%| Gross Operating profit| 25. 19%| 37. 24%| 36. 61%| 34. 6%| Selling, General Admin. Expenses| 13. 27%| 18. 54%| 18. 66%| 20. 73%| EBITDA| 11. 92%| 18. 71%| 17. 95%| 14. 23%| Depreciation Amortization| 6. 16%| 5. 51%| 5. 82%| 4. 41%| EBIT| 5. 76%| 13. 20%| 12. 12%| 9. 82%| Other Income, Net| -0. 17%| 0. 20%| 0. 12%| 0. 08%| Total Income Avail for Interest Exp. | 5. 59%| 13. 40%| 12. 24%| 9. 90%| Interest Expense| 7. 54%| 6. 90%| 6. 18%| 4. 02%| Minority Interest| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Pre-Tax Income| -1. 95%| 6. 50%| 6. 06%| 5. 88%| Income Taxes| 0. 03%| 0. 71%| 2. 61%| 0. 23%| Special Income/Charges| -22. 15%| -5. 10%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Net Income from Cont. Operations| -24. 14%| 0. 68%| 3. 45%| 5. 65%| Net Income from Discont. Opers. | 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Net Income from Total Operations| -24. 14%| 0. 68%| 3. 45%| 5. 65%| Normalized Income| -1. 99%| 5. 78%| 3. 49%| 5. 65%| Extraordinary Income| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Income from Cum. Eff. of Acct. Chg. | 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Income from Tax Loss Carryforward| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Other Gains| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| -2. 02%| 0. 00%| Total Net Income| -24. 14%| 0. 68%| 1. 43%| 5. 65%| PLASTICHEM INCORPORATED| | | | | Annual Balance Sheets (Values in millions)| | | | | | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| ASSETS | | | | | Current Assets| | | | | Cash and marketable securities| 1. 20%| 1. 40%| 1. 47%| 0. 60%| Accounts receivable| 17. 34%| 17. 33%| 14. 74%| 21. 03%| Inventory| 10. 31%| 7. 01%| 7. 44%| 12. 88%| Other Current assets| 1. 54%| 2. 21%| 2. 03%| 0. 40%| Total Current Assets| 30. 40%| 27. 94%| 25. 68%| 34. 91%| | | | | | Non-Current Assets| | | | | Property, Plant Equipment, Gross| 35. 44%| 28. 70%| 25. 85%| 47. 99%| Accumulated depreciation Depletion| 14. 41%| 9. 13%| 8. 15%| 19. 42%| Property, Plant Equipment, Net| 21. 03%| 19. 57%| 17. 71%| 28. 57%| Intangibles| 45. 67%| 50. 07%| 53. 53%| 33. 0%| Other Non-Current Assets| 2. 90%| 2. 41%| 3. 09%| 3. 52%| Total Non-Current Assets| 69. 60%| 72. 06%| 74. 32%| 65. 09%| Total Assets| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| | | | | | LIABILITIES AND EQUITIES| | | | | Current Liabilities| | | | | Accounts payable| 7. 71%| 6. 92%| 6. 03%| 9. 76%| Short Term Debt| 2. 48%| 1. 63%| 1. 03%| 3. 92%| Other current Liabilities| 13. 17%| 9. 80%| 10. 50%| 12. 98%| Total Current liabilities| 23. 36%| 18. 35%| 17. 56%| 26. 66%| | | | | | Non-Current liabilities| | | | | Long-term debt| 80. 96%| 64. 35%| 65. 38%| 30. 89%| Deferred Income Taxes| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 0%| Other Non-Current Liabilities| 1. 13%| 0. 84%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Minority Interest| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Total Non-Current Liabilities| 82. 09%| 65. 19%| 65. 38%| 30. 89%| Total Liabilities| 105. 46%| 83. 54%| 82. 94%| 57. 55%| | | | | | Shareholder’s Equity| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Preferred Stock Equity| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Common Stock Equity| -5. 46%| 16. 46%| 17. 06%| 42. 45%| Total equity| -5. 46%| 16. 46%| 17. 06%| 42. 45%| | | | | | Total liabilities and Stock Equity| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 340| 100. 00%| DCM MOLDING| | | | | Annual Balance Sheets (Values in millions)| | | | | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| ASSETS | | | | | Current Assets| | | | | Cash and marketable securities| 0. 33%| 1. 25%| 0. 47%| 8. 06%| Accou nts receivable| 19. 87%| 18. 36%| 20. 31%| 19. 44%| Inventory| 14. 32%| 13. 34%| 14. 69%| 10. 83%| Other Current assets| 1. 89%| 1. 48%| 2. 19%| 4. 72%| Total Current Assets| 36. 40%| 34. 44%| 37. 66%| 43. 06%| | | | | | Non-Current Assets| | | | | Property, Plant ; Equipment, Gross| 47. 28%| 42. 08%| 43. 44%| 56. 39%| Accumulated depreciation ; Depletion| 17. 20%| 12. 66%| 11. 09%| 10. 83%| Property, Plant ; Equipment, Net| 30. 08%| 29. 42%| 32. 34%| 45. 56%| Intangibles| 33. 0%| 35. 46%| 28. 44%| 5. 28%| Other Non-Current Assets| 0. 22%| 0. 68%| 1. 56%| 6. 11%| Total Non-Current Assets| 63. 60%| 65. 56%| 62. 34%| 56. 94%| Total Assets| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| | | | | | LIABILITIES AND EQUITIES| | | | | Current Liabilities| | | | | Accounts payable| 7. 66%| 8. 10%| 8. 28%| 5. 56%| Short Term Debt| 7. 44%| 6. 61%| 4. 22%| 7. 50%| Other current Liabilities| 7. 21%| 8. 10%| 8. 28%| 7. 50%| Total Current liabilities| 22. 31%| 22. 69%| 20. 63%| 20. 56%| | | | | | Non-Cur rent liabilities| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Long-term debt| 28. 63%| 31. 93%| 29. 22%| 15. 00%| Deffered Income Taxes| 0. 11%| 0. 57%| 0. 00%| 3. 89%| Other Non-Current Liabilities| 3. 33%| 4. 45%| 6. 09%| 2. 22%| Minority Interest| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Total Non-Current Liabilities| 32. 08%| 36. 94%| 35. 31%| 21. 11%| Total Liabilities| 54. 38%| 59. 64%| 55. 94%| 41. 67%| | | | | | Shareholder’s Equity| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Preferred Stock Equity| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Common Stock Equity| 45. 62%| 40. 36%| 43. 91%| 58. 33%| Total equity| 45. 62%| 40. 36%| 43. 91%| 58. 33%| | | | | | Total liabilities and Stock Equity| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| DCM MOLDING| | | | | Annual Income Statements (Value in Millions)| | | | | 2004| 2003| 2002| 2001| Sales| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| 100. 00%| Cost of Sales| 66. 83%| 64. 85%| 64. 76%| 62. 96%| Gross Operating profit| 33. 17%| 35. 15%| 35. 24%| 37. 04%| Selling, General Admin. Expenses| 17. 23%| 18. 65%| 19. 60%| 22. 22%| EBITDA| 15. 94%| 16. 49%| 15. 64%| 14. 81%| Depreciation Amortization| 4. 61%| 4. 40%| 4. 32%| 4. 86%| EBIT| 11. 33%| 12. 09%| 11. 32%| 9. 95%| Other Income, Net| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| -0. 12%| -0. 23%| Total Income Avail for Interest Exp. | 11. 33%| 12. 09%| 11. 20%| 9. 72%| Interest Expense| 2. 43%| 2. 16%| 2. 0%| 1. 16%| Minority Interest| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Pre-Tax Income| 8. 90%| 9. 93%| 9. 10%| 8. 56%| Income Taxes| 2. 99%| 3. 75%| 3. 73%| 3. 47%| Special Income/Charges| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Net Income from Cont. Operations| 5. 91%| 6. 19%| 5. 37%| 5. 09%| Net Income from Discont. Opers. | 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 35%| 0. 00%| Net Income from Total Operations| 5. 91%| 6. 19%| 5. 72%| 5. 09%| Normalized Income| 5. 91%| 6. 19%| 5. 37%| 5. 09%| Extraordinary Income| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Income from Cum. Eff of Acct. Chg. | 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Income from Tax Loss Carryforward| 0. 0%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Other Gains| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| 0. 00%| Total Net Income| 5. 91%| 6. 19%| 5. 72%| 5. 09%| We can see that the cost of the sales has been increasing for both the companies. But, the cost of goods sold for DCM is less that than of Plastichem. This indicates that DCM has been better at controlling their cost so they have a higher gross margin as compare to Plastichem. This reduction in the gross profit has lead to the reduction on the expenses occur due to selling the goods, but since DCM has a higher gross profit than Plastichem, they can also spend more in selling their goods. Plastichem also has more debt compare to DCM, due to which they have a higher interest expenses compare to DCM. A DuPont analysis helps us better understand the changes in return on equity (ROE). DuPont analysis tells us that three things affect ROE: operating efficiency, asset use efficiency, and financial leverage. Therefore we break up ROE into its components: ROE = Profit Margin (PM) * Total Asset Turnover (TAT) * Equity Multiplier (EM) | 2004| Return on Equity| Net Profit Margin| Total Asset Turnover| Equity Multiplier| | | | | | | Plastichem| 0. 00%| -24. 07%| 1. 12| 0. 00| DCM| | 17. 76%| 5. 91%| 1. 37| 2. 19| | 2003| | | | | | | | | | | Plastichem| 3. 53%| 0. 68%| 0. 85| 6. 08| DCM| | 18. 64%| 6. 19%| 1. 22| 2. 48| | 2002| | | | | | | | | | | Plastichem| 6. 38%| 1. 47%| 0. 74| 5. 86| DCM| | 17. 44%| 5. 72%| 1. 34| 2. 28| | 2001| | | | | | | | | | | Plastichem| 17. 30%| 5. 65%| 1. 30| 2. 36| DCM| | 10. 95%| 5. 32%| 1. 20| 1. 71| If we look at the figures we find that the reduction in ROE for Plastichem is mainly due to the drop in net profit margin. Plastichem increased their use of debt, which resulted in a higher EM, but poor PM ensured the fall of ROE. For DCM, on the other hand, we see that it has been fairly constant as well as ROE components. Some of the limitations regarding the various financial analyses above are: Many companies near the year or quarter end improve the appearance of their figures presenting them in the most attractive way possible. The miss misrepresentation of numbers makes the analysis more difficult. The analysis may also be unclear by inflation as general price levels for goods and services go up and subsequently purchasing power goes down, which makes comparison difficult over time. Many firms also use different accounting methods which make comparing of different companies difficult for instance there are two primary accounting methods used in USA, cash and accrual accounting. Cash accounting reports income and expenses are reported in the year they are received and paid; accrual accounting reports income and expenses in the year they are earned and incurred. Again making it very difficult to analyze different companies. Some additional data Jay and Jack need in order to improve their finding would be to look into the companies accounting practices and see if any off balance sheet items are present. From there they need to make sure the off balance sheet items are converted to in the balance sheet items to have an appropriate comparison. A statement of cash flows would also useful in analysis, as it would allow in determining the short-term viability of a company, particularly its ability to pay bills. A statement of cash of cash flows also allows us to view cash and cash equivalents coming in and out of company, giving better understanding as to where money is going and coming from. Also although looking at numbers may allow analysis to quickly spot differences in financials, I believe you must research companies in how they are run and if they are consistently making good business decisions. After collecting, compiling, and analyzing data we have come to conclusion that DCM Molding has shown a better financial condition on average in the past four years, and Plastichem has barely met the acceptable average or is below the average in the past four years. The Plastichem had a relatively high Debt-Equity Ratio, which indicated that was using many debts to finance its growth. The high Debt-Equity Ratio also indicated that Plastichem bore more risk because the cost of debt (interest) making things difficult. The cost of the sales for both the companies have increased. But, the cost of goods sold for DCM is less that than Plastichem. This indicates that DCM has been better at controlling their cost so they have a higher gross margin as compare to Plastichem. This reduction in the gross profit has lead to the reduction on the expenses occur due to selling the goods, but since DCM has a higher gross profit than Plastichem they can also spend more in selling their goods. So in comparison we see that DCM Molding is doing far better with its figures showing much better results than Plastichem. Recommendation that Jack would be justified in making in his report to Andrew would be Plastichem needs to increase profit margin after looking at the figures we find that the decrease in return on equity for Plastichem is mostly due to the drop in net profit margin. Plastichem increased their use of debt that resulted in a higher equity multiplier, but poor profit margin ensured the fall of return on equity. Plastichem had a relatively high Debt-Equity Ratio, which indicated that Plastichem was using many debts to finance its growth. It should be treated as a serious problem being that Plastichem’s main rival is rated as a strong buy while their stock is rated as a hold. The strong drop in price will create fear for potential and current shareholders. If that fear continues, Plastichem’s shareholders might sell their stock at a decreasing rate, causing more issues for the company. The CFO should do a comparison between Plastichem and DCM’s numbers, and find the strengths and weaknesses amongst his company, in particular within its management teams. He should also begin finding ways to pay off Plastichem’s debt as well as not accumulating anymore, being that Plastichem is already seen as risky. The CFO should also find a tighter way to control the company’s costs. The analysts are very accurate in their recommendations to the two firms. DCM Molding figures showed far better results and stock should rise; While Plastichem might consider selling stocks, if financial performance continues to worsen. How to cite Duport Analysis: the Number Game, Essay examples

Understanding Cross National Human Resource Management

Question: Task 1: The manager of a company complains that the management information systems (MIS) continually fails to produce the appropriate information at the right time. The person responsible for MIS responds by blaming the inadequate data and information flow within the company and request a review of data and information flow 1- Describe the distinction between information, information systems and ICT management. 2- Describe some of the main activity systems to be found in a typical business. 3- State six factors which influence the flow of information and data within an organisation. 4- With the aid of appropriate examples, explain the difference between formal and informal information flow. 5- Explain why human decision-making is satisficing rather than rational and discuss the consequences of this for MIS, DSS and EIS. 6- Explain what is meant by a transaction and why it is important in the context of an information system. 7- With the aid of examples, describe three techniques which could be used to review the current information flows. Task 2: A manager uses a bespoke application which cannot produce reports in the exact format required but does allow the export of information to a spreadsheet. The manager uses this facility to export the information, improves the layout of the information and produces several graphs. This takes her several days. On presenting the reports to colleagues she is questioned over the accuracy of the information as many figures appear to be out of date. 1- What is the purpose of a management information system? 2- Why is such a system required by managers of an organisation? 3- Give examples of the use of a MIS within and state its purpose. 4- Describe how this problem may be overcome by using MIS. Task 3: Information systems are capable of producing strategic, tactical and operational level information. With the aid of examples, explain the difference between these three levels of information, clearly stating the level of personnel involved in using each one. Answer: Distinction between information, information systems and ICT management Information The data of any form and by any means either through collection, research, analysis or perception can be called as information. It could of relational connection between various sources. Information System The data base which stores the information either in a program or a system is called as an information system. The normal usage of the ICT was to provide an automation technology or supplant all or parts of the existing activities and systems. This has been explained in detail as to what are the different methods to view ICT as an agency to innovate new forms of activity system. ICT had a positive impact on individuals and especially on myself as it provides a huge provision to the different types of sources of information which are teamed together by growth of the internet. There are many advantageous aspects like new opportunities for learning and leisure, online tutorials through which I have benefitted a lot by exploring new subjects through virtual reality. I have learnt a lot of self-directed tools with the manuals provided and by stand - alone systems where I have personally overcame a lot of inhibitions in terms of learning because software tenability has become a more dependent way of learning (Budhwar, P.S., Sparrow, P. R. 2002a). Describe some of the main activity systems to be found in a typical business IT enables the business enterprise to establish and maintain all the potential contacts with its potential customers through buying processes. Electronic Kiosks, Multimedia Machines, Internet tools for maintaining banking and financial products, Single Window service are all useful for maintaining electronic contact mediums for the customers. State six factors which influence the flow of information and data within an organization There are different dimensions which can change the way the data flows between various sources or different points and in turn they can enhance or hinder the information flow activities like time constraints, cost constraints, computer - based random sampling method, questionnaires which can be used to gather data and redistribute between other departments, Organizational policies and procedures. The information characteristics dimension depends on subjectivity, timelines, details and methodologies which are generally adapted and implemented. Fig 1: The Study Model With the aid of appropriate examples, explain the difference between formal and informal information flow Information flows between various points and there are different ways in which the information flows can be explained in detail. Most of the Organizations have different ways of obtaining data and they also have different ways documenting the given information. As an example we can also consider the knowledge sharing resources which are used by inter departments for various uses in the projects can also be considered into this category. For instance the use of computerized systems like the information in knowledge banks or data houses where the data designs, tables, relationships, reports are linked with the structure, intranet, project reports, meetings and presentations. Informal information flow has no order or structure like the traceability however it might still consist of some useful information. Instances of this type could be informal meetings, telephone calls, memos, notice boards or coffee in corridors (Hofstede, G. (1980). Explain why human decision-making is satisficing rather than rational and discuss the consequences of this for MIS, DSS and EIS. Advances in communication and technology have changed the way in which the business is performed by changing how people meet and communicate and in making group decisions related to many other technologies in the world. The technological changes help most of the people across the physical, social, technological and psychological boundaries about the other secondary effects which might take place due to rational decision making. Human decision making is better is because it involves various types of discussions like group meetings, face to face which might turn out to be flaming because of some outspoken people but would still be friendly because of the proximity with the management who can take quick decisions. This becomes more a conventional method of decision making. This leads to other advantages like redistribution of work time, reallocation of resources depending on the urgency of work and it increases in complexity of group organizations and in turn creates a greater impact on the Organizations (Drucker, P. F., 1977). The consequences of human decision making over the rational methods might have some implications or consequences on MIS, DSS and EIS where the emergence of EIS provides an opportunity to change the situation. The role and research which was conducted by the senior executives still allows the management to conduct their normal activities by using MIS, DSS and EIS. Transaction and why it is important in the context of an information system Any amount of data which is shared between various environments is encountered by various agents and all of them run on a specific semantic model. All these transactions are performed on the basis of trust which relies on a central data base. This consists of scalable data structures and algorithms which require no central control however is formed on the base of an inter connection between various agents. In a way this becomes the platform for most of the transactions in an information system (Mezirow, J 1997). With the aid of examples, describe three techniques which could be used to review the current information flows For single databases there are different types of primary hindrances for end user access which provide access to various volumes of data which is becoming available and which is used in order to analyze and interpret the different types of data. If we consider an example of combing different types of data there is a major mismatch with the implementation strategy especially in terms of representation in various structures. This is one example where we could consider sources of intelligent and active use of information requires a class of software modules which mediate between different workstations, applications and data bases. Various techniques are used like mediation simplifies, abstracts, reduces, merges which explain the flow of data Task 2 Purpose of a management information system Information systems are needed for recording transactions between an organization and its environment as well as in the management of relationships with external stakeholders. The data base which stores the information either in a program or a system is called as an information system. It is also an approach which is used to create architecture based on the use of services like web services which use small functions for producing and validating a customer related data by using simple analytical services. The Service oriented architecture based principles are convenient to use and they are not to be termed as complex. Service oriented architecture has the ability to leverage its services between various applications (Kathleen, 2011). Why is such a system required by managers of an organization? These different styles possess of different independent principles like an overview, the critical principles, major benefits and application which helps to choose the appropriate architectural styles for the application. Some of these styles describe the structure and design issues and others describe communication factors. The models which describe a combination would be useful for describing the structure and design of the systems ( Give examples of the use of a MIS within and state its purpose Management Information Systems have various applications in the retail industry. MIS is the systematic use of technology and people to manage the flow of information. In retail MIS is used ofor point of sale data collection, logistics, inventory control and internal communication which affects the retail operations and marketing. Describe how this problem may be overcome by using MIS MIS is organized for functional areas of an organization. The systems are typically organized for functional areas of an organization. It helps integrate the financial information from multiple sources. It provides easy access to financial information in a summarized form. It also enables the financial analysis using easy easy access. It has a no. of sub systems which is used to analyze revenue, costs, profits and auditing systems which is used to manage funds .s Task 3 Difference between these three levels of information Organizational control involves using strategy, tactics and operational oversight to monitor and improve company processes. Organizations are built with the goal of profitability of processes. A tactic is a method intended to fulfill a specific objective in the context of the overall plan. Operational control regulates day to day output relative to schedules, specifications and costs (TF Online, 2013). Task 4 Tescos corporate strategy is to devise the functional areas and devise the department based specific strategies to ensure their objectives are achieved (Wiley, J.W., 2000). They believe that their vision drives their business by embedding their values throughout their strategic planning process. TESCO has reached a market share of about 30% in the UK almost the same as Sainsburys and ASDA in combination. TESCO has greatly diversified business with extended lines into food, non food, clothing, financial services and tele communications. TESCO has started as a mid chain however Sainsburys had a bigger market share and was the market leader even when it started of initially (Heaacademy, Inc; n.d.). Even as markets they have started as a super market stores, hyper market stores and later some of the retail brands like Sainsburys have backed up from hyper markets. TESCO has divided its stores into various formats differentiated by size and range of products with their profits increasing annually and by employing more no. of employees giving a greater scope for employment (Kraut (Ed.) n.d.). Most of their business chains are also located in towns and cities. Tesco should focus more on diversity by setting up newer stores as their decision was already embraced by their stakeholders and customers. If we consider the example of a consumer brand industry they are significant with their presence in various locations and they are getting more effective in their presence with their marketing initiatives (Robert, M, 2012). References: Budhwar, P.S., Sparrow, P. R. (2002a). An integrative framework for understanding cross national human resource management practices. Human Resource Management Review, 12(3), 377-403. Hofstede, G. (1980). Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Klein, K. J., Dansereau, F., Hall, R. J. (1994). Levels issues in theory development, data collection, and analysis. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 195-229. Kluckhohn, F., Strodtbeck, F. (1961). Variations in value orientations. Evanston: Row Peterson. Micahel, P, 1987, Compto Corporate Strategy, Harvard Business Review v.65, no.3, pp. 43-59 Grint, K., 1997, Leadership: Classical, Contemporary and Critical Approaches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mbs Portal, Inc; Self-Managed Learning, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.mbsportal.bl.uk/secure/subjareas/hrmemplyrelat/roffeypark/115747selfmanagedlearning98.pdf HR, Inc; Preparing a Learning Development, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://hr.per.gov.ie/files/2011/04/Guide-to-Preparing-a-Learning-and-Development-Strategy.pdf Heaacademy, Inc; Employability Enterprise, accessed on April 3rd, 2015 https://www.heacademy.ac.uk/assets/documents/tla/employability_enterprise/web0368_learning_and_employability_series2_pdp_and_employability.pdf Claar, J. B., (1984). Organizational design and extension administration. In B. E. Swanson (Ed.), Agricultural extension: A reference manual. Rome: FAO. Drucker, P. F., (1977). People and performance. New York: Harper's College Press. Mezirow, J. (1997). Transformative learning: Theory to practice. In P. Cranton (Ed.), Transformative learning in action: Insights from practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education. no. 74, pp. 512. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Kathleen, (2011), Emotional Intelligence, retrieved on March 23rd, 2013, https://kathleenruth.wordpress.com/2011/05/03/emotional-intelligence-and-interpersonal-skills/ Balzer, W, 2012, Organizational Diagnosis: An Evidence Based Appraoch, Pgs 223 246. Change Management, Inc; Definition of change management, Viewed on April 14th 2015 https://www.change-management.com/tutorial-defining-change-management.htm Indevelopment, Inc; Organization Structure, Viewed on April 14th 2015 https://www.indevelopment.nl/PDFfiles/organisationStructure.pdf Public Navy, Inc; Theory of Constraints Project Management, Viewed on April 14th 2015 https://www.public.navy.mil/airfor/nae/AIRSpeed%20Documents/TOC%20and%20Project%20Management.pdf Sjsu, Inc; Managerial role, Viewed on April 14th 2015 https://www.sjsu.edu/people/phyllis.connolly/courses/c17/s1/kane_umanageroleorgcul20060177.pdf TF Online, 2013, Journal of Change Management, Routledge, Vol 13, Issue 2. Riley, R 2000, Managing Change: An Overview, Riley Associates, Pgs 116 - 224. Todnem, R, 2005, Organizational Change Management: A Critical Overview, Journal of Change Management, Routledge, Vol 5, Pgs 369 380. Kotler, P, 1999, Strategies of Network Economy, Journal of Marketing, Pgs 146 163. Welsh M Jordan, 2011, Cultural diversity and Ethnic Minority. Social Psychological aspects. Pgs 84 - 164 Robert, M, 2012, Cultural Minority and Ethnic Minority Psychology. Relationships with Natural Mentors. Pgs 76 - 85 Wiley, J.W., 2000, The high-performance organizational climate: How workers describe top performing units. The Handbook of Organizational Culture Climate (pp.177-191). Sage Publications Higgs, A.C., 1996, Organizational Surveys: Tools for Assessment and Research. In A.I. Kraut (Ed.), Organizational Surveys (pp.19-40). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass

The Art Of The Renaissance Essay Research Paper Example For Students

The Art Of The Renaissance Essay Research Paper The Art of The Renaissance by Maria Large Did you know that most likely the most famous painting in the world, the Mona Lisa, was painted in the time of the Renaissance? The oil painting of the straight faced woman (or man), painted by the famous Leonardo De Vinci, is said to be painted between 1503 to 1506. No one knows who the person in the painting is. No one even knows whether or not it is De Vinci himself, a relative or even a man or a woman! The English name Mona Lisa, came from a description by Renaissance Art historian Giorgio Vassar. We will write a custom essay on The Art Of The Renaissance Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There were many exquisite paintings done in the time period of the Renaissance. Im going to briefly tell you what happened in the time of the Renaissance and what styles or cultural aspects influenced these talented artists. Also, how their faith reflected the artwork they made. The Renaissance first occurred in Italy, spreading throughout the countries starting approximately in the sasss and ending around the sasss. It was after the Middle Ages and after the Black Death had swept through many countries and eventually ending up in Europe killing 1. O 4 million people in total. The Renaissance was a new uprising, it displayed many things, such as freedom, independence, creativity, the rebirth of classical learning, the rediscovery of ancient Rome and Greece, and many other things. In the Middle Ages there were only certain religions allowed and certain ways of living. The people thought of the Middle Ages as a dark time but the Renaissance changed all that. They no longer wanted the o ld ways so they changed many aspects and ways of living in this time period, including there own language. The Renaissance artwork was typically not done for fun or as a hobby. It was usually used to make money or made for religious reasons. Only the paintings done by the masters hand would sell for big money, all others being of little value. Back then, the church was a big part of the income, resulting in many paintings that were religious themed. They would sell their artwork to cathedrals and churches for money. Most of the paintings were based off the Life of Christ, the Life of the Virgin, the Life of the Saint or Salvation. The paintings brought new ideas to artwork such as a sense of space, which makes your eye see 3 dimensional and also the use of perspective. A big part of the art of the Renaissance was religious based. The way the artists painted these paintings portrayed faith very well, even to the point of making the humanists think spirituality instead of thinking with human individuality. There were many famous religious paintings done in the time of the Renaissance such as Leonardo De Vines paintings called, The Last Supper and Virgin of the Rocks. Another famous piece of art, is the painting of the Sistine Chapel Ceiling by Michelangelo. Also among his famous works are his sculptures, David, representing the David in the bible and Pieta, showing Jesus dead body in the arms of his mother Mary. An interesting fact about the paintings is that in the Middle Ages, because of the strong dedication to Catholicism, they were not allowed to study the human body. After the Middle Ages ended, because people had more freedom of religion, people started studying the human body, which resulted in paintings that coked much more realistic. As you have seen, the Renaissance was a very big historical change for the people of that time as well as the people of today. I have only mentioned a few of the many pieces of artwork created during the Renaissance. The artists and their paintings are still remembered to this day. The styles of their artwork have affected how people create there own art today. We can learn from the styles they used, their use of perspective, colors that showed the time period, and even small things added to their ark that changed the whole picture itself. .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a , .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .postImageUrl , .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a , .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:hover , .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:visited , .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:active { border:0!important; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:active , .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0ff34bce4159f6f03f23d0db245cb72a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Change In Art - Expressive Cultures EssayIn one sense, the art of the Renaissance could be said to be the true beginning of art and the pathway that was set for the future artwork that is created today. References: Art and Expression- Renaissance Art by Maria Lacy Kitchen Oracle Think Quest- The Renaissance Period by (unknown) Web Gallery of Art- Welcome to the Gallery by Emil Kern and Daniel Marx Renaissance by Thomas J. Choke, Harold E. Damager and Jose Marie Devalue BBC News- Is Ad Vines Mona Lisa a self-portrait? By Nick Watt and Mama Snappily

Free Essays on The Gift of Life

Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to become an organ donor. Introduction: I. If you were handed the power to save someon's life, I hope you would take it. A.What you might not realize is that you all do have the power to save someone's life. 1.We all have valuable organs that we can donate after we die. 2.There is a huge need for life saving organs. B.Many people would still be alive today if they had received a needed organ. 1.When we die, we have no need for our organs. 2.There are many people who could use our organs. II.Today, I am going to tell you how to become a life saver. A.I am going to discuss the huge need for organs. B.I am going to tell you what organs can be donated. C.I am going to tell you how to become an organ donor. D.Finally, I hope to leave you with a desire to become an organ donor. Body:I.Organ transplantation is one of the most remarkable sucess stories in the history of medicine. A.Transplantation of organs is no longer considered experimental. B. According to LifeGift, an organ donation center, there are approximately 20,000 organ transplants performed every year in the U.S. II.The need for donated organs and tissues continues to outpace the supply. A.According to an article in Hospitals and Health Networks, of the 37,609 people who needed an organ transplant in 1995, less than half received one. 1.LifeGift states that currently over 53,000 people are waiting for an organ in the U.S. 2.Every 16 minutes, another name is added to the waiting list. III.With the recent advances in medicine, almost anything can be transplanted. A.The Coalition on Donation website states that one donor can help more than 50 people. 1.A kidney can free two people from dialysis. 2.Your heart could beat for someone else. 3.Your corneas could give sight to two people. III. If a person suddenly dies, it is up to his/her family to decide if his/her organs should be donated. A.According to a Government Press Release, only about h... Free Essays on The Gift of Life Free Essays on The Gift of Life Specific Purpose: To persuade the audience to become an organ donor. Introduction: I. If you were handed the power to save someon's life, I hope you would take it. A.What you might not realize is that you all do have the power to save someone's life. 1.We all have valuable organs that we can donate after we die. 2.There is a huge need for life saving organs. B.Many people would still be alive today if they had received a needed organ. 1.When we die, we have no need for our organs. 2.There are many people who could use our organs. II.Today, I am going to tell you how to become a life saver. A.I am going to discuss the huge need for organs. B.I am going to tell you what organs can be donated. C.I am going to tell you how to become an organ donor. D.Finally, I hope to leave you with a desire to become an organ donor. Body:I.Organ transplantation is one of the most remarkable sucess stories in the history of medicine. A.Transplantation of organs is no longer considered experimental. B. According to LifeGift, an organ donation center, there are approximately 20,000 organ transplants performed every year in the U.S. II.The need for donated organs and tissues continues to outpace the supply. A.According to an article in Hospitals and Health Networks, of the 37,609 people who needed an organ transplant in 1995, less than half received one. 1.LifeGift states that currently over 53,000 people are waiting for an organ in the U.S. 2.Every 16 minutes, another name is added to the waiting list. III.With the recent advances in medicine, almost anything can be transplanted. A.The Coalition on Donation website states that one donor can help more than 50 people. 1.A kidney can free two people from dialysis. 2.Your heart could beat for someone else. 3.Your corneas could give sight to two people. III. If a person suddenly dies, it is up to his/her family to decide if his/her organs should be donated. A.According to a Government Press Release, only about h...

Security Contemporary Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Security Contemporary Issues - Research Paper Example The paper will then explore how the issues affect security operations, make proposals for solving the identified issues, and provide necessary measures for successful implementation. Identified issues One of the major issues that face and threaten organizations’ security is the presence of hackers into private information systems. Hackers can be individuals or groups of people who illegally gain access to organizations’ systems with the ill will of extracting information. Technological revolution that has led to overreliance on technology to process and store information enhances the risk because large volumes of information are electronically compressed and stored in centralized locations in easily portable capacity. This makes it even easier for hackers, if they succeed in gaining access to the source of information, to obtain large volumes of information. Even though access to information can be gained by physically breaking into an organization’s information centre, electronic information, and communication system that is globally linked, only requires security access checks before data can be accessed from any location. Threat to information security by hackers is therefore a major problem that has been facing ever organization (Armonk, 2012). Poor technology for ensuring security against external attacks on an organization’s security is another major issue. Though major security threats have always been known to organization, the major problem has been how to tackle the threats. IBM, a security firm, identifies the use of inappropriate technology as a barrier to controlling security breaches. Either organizations lack the capacity to acquire protective technologies or they do not have the capacity to integrate available technologies to maximize security levels (Armonk, 2012). How the issues relate to and affect security operations The issues have direct relations to security operations. Since the major role of the security depa rtment is to ensure that an organization’s assets are protected, a failure in this role implies failure by the department to meet its responsibilities. While the whole organization bears the loss due to the breach, the security department is the one that is directly held accountable. Consequently, any security breach has great impacts in the operations of the security department in an organization. An immediate impact of a security breach on security operations is an induced need to respond to the breach. This is normally aimed at either stopping the breach, if it is still in progress or developing strategies for identification and elimination of vulnerabilities in the security department (Cisco, 2001). A security breach will also result into launched investigation over the nature and extent of damage caused by the breach. The department must also review the situation for measures of preventing further attacks. Another impact of security beach on the operations of the securit y department is the intrusion into the department’s activities by ‘outsiders’. The information technology department will for instance be involved in security operations. The department, especially after an electronic breach, will have to be invited to make new installations and improvements on technology systems. Law enforcement agencies will similarly be involved in the department’s operations for criminal investigations. Security breaches therefore imply induced

Television talent shows Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Television talent shows - Essay Example Discussion Television shows like X-factor add value to the British music industry Modern artists’ debate on the role of televisions shows like X factor talent television in British music industry. Some argue that such television shows add value to the industry and others oppose the claim and suggest that these shows only damage the face of the music industry in recent and future years, (Davis and Hall, 2008, p.87). These in favor of talent television show assert that television shows such as X factor have enormous advantages to the British music industry. The reality of the shoes provides winners and stats with an opportunity to be plucked from mundane, obscure lives and put them into a cauldron of media, until voted out of the show – by the public – in a dramatic way. The hope of a guaranteed recording prize of contract with marketing advantage is increasingly successful as a motivation to engage willing artists at a reduced cost. For instance, X factor provides successful competitors a critical gate pass into the industry of music and gives them an opportunity for recognition. TV synchronizes acts as a crucial opportunity, for instance, beyond the literal advantage in terms of branding artist opportunities and extra income, in one spin of a prominent show, emerging artists and music that may not have had a greater exposure and popularity is faster thrust on many audience, (Cowlin, 2010, p.52). Similarly, through the talent television shows artists have a chance to gain popularity, attain significant growth, and increase their fan base. For instance, X-factor talent shows has assisted in putting live music forward towards the front of the mass consciousness, through making television content from selection of talents. The show has also provided chances for squeezed record labels to propel losing finalists work to markets with reduced costs and risks. This is because of television shows exposure such artists have received and the fan base c reated. This brings a crucial and incredible growth of British music industry in terms of popularity and artists branding. Experts agree that the X-factor alumni bankability plays a crucial role in the industry’s commercial allure, and various other British music industries have began to realize the importance of enrolling their artists in television shows because talent show mentors and performers may have an extensive effect on music industry sales. Television shows such as X-factor add value or are crucial to British music industry because in a highly fragmented media world, the talent show is among the few mass-market strategies for exposing artists to the wider public. For instance, with the prominent Pops and other public media markets demise, the X-factor remains as the only strategy for pop and rock artists mainstream to expose artists and their music to the mass music markets and other public audience, (Holmes, 200, p.56). Talent television shows have over 15 million viewers at a time and it is crucial for various artists to get on these shows as a way of linking to family viewers that are increasingly crucial to music selling and expansion. X-factor show and other shows serves as ‘water cooler’ framework as featured artist enormously benefit from massive press coverage, therefore, the benefit of series appearance can be an extensive advantage, (Davis and Hall, 2008, p.87). Similarly, the shows engage people with the music and make youths enthusiastic about

Reading and Writing about Arguments session long progect Essay

Reading and Writing about Arguments session long progect - Essay Example Therefore, coming down 6 hours later, there was no reflection on the road to warn any approaching driver and needless to say, I ended up colliding head on with the boulders surrounding the still wet culvert. As you stated earlier on, the reason for your refusal to indemnify me is that the council should be responsible for compensation of my wrecked car. However, my argument is simple, my car is insured with you, I have paid all my premiums on time and up to date, there was no negligence on my part; hence, I want to be compensated in the shortest time possible and you may want to in turn get compensated by the municipal. However, as per our agreement, I have no contractual agreement with the municipal to compensate me in case of any loss. Therefore, as far as I am concerned, you will need to honor my claim and then later you may want to settle your own case with the municipal authorities to get compensated because the case was clear cut; there was no negligence on my part (Hawken, Angela; Carroll, Stephen J; Abrahamse, Allan F; Institute for Civil Justice (U.S.), 2001). This is not a threat but a warning to you that in case this pull-and-tag war with the municipal authorities is costing me dearly and interrupting my life and I may have to sue you if this continues. Over this waiting period, I have had to use a taxi every night going home and in the morning going to work and it is very expensive. The costs have been piling up as time drags and therefore, I would much appreciate if you could honor our contractual agreement as soon as possible because this loss is deeply negatively affecting my life. That is the reason I am warning that if you do not issue me with a written promise to indemnify me in the shortest time possible, I will initiate a law suit. However, over the past five years that I have been paying my premiums, I have personally come to know your company

Konigsberg Bridge Problem

Konigsberg Bridge Problem The earliest paper on graph theory seems to be by Leonard Euler,Solutio problematic ad situs pertinentis,Commentarii Academetarii Scientiarum Imperialist Petropolitanae 8 (1736),128-140.Euler discusses whether or not it is possible to scroll around Konigsberg(later called the Pregolya exactly once. Euler gave the conditions which are necessary to permit such a stroll. Thomas Pennyngton Kirkman (1856) and Wiliam Roman Hamilton (1856) studied trips which certain sites exactly once. History of Euler paths and cycles An Eulerian path is a path in a graph which visits each edge exactly once in the theory graph .so, in the same way, an Eulerian circuit is an Eulerian path which starts and ends on the same vertex. They were first discussing by Leohard Eular while solving the famous Seven Bridges of Konigsberg problem in 1736. Mathematically the problem can be stated like this: Given the graph on the right, is it possible to construct a path (or a cycle for example, a path starting and ending on the same vertex) which visits each edge exactly once Graphs which allow the manufacture of so called Eulerian cycles are called Eulerian graphs. Euler observed that a necessary condition for the existence of Eulerian cycles is that all vertices in the graph have an even degree, and that for an Eulerian path either all, or all but two (i.e., the two endpoint) vertices have an even degree; this means the Konigsberg graph is not Eulerian. Carl Heierholzer published the first complete characterization of Eulerian graphs in 1873, by proving that in fact the Eulerian graphs are exactly the graphs which are connected and where every vertex has an even degree. Example using euler in our daily life is using in the teaching for set theory that widely use in the schools. Another example is to visualizing file system organization.it will allows files to appear in more than one directory in a computers file system. The history of the Konigsberg Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) is considered to have been the father of graph theory. His paper in 1736 on the seven bridges of Konigsberg is considered to have been the foundational paper in the subject. Konigsberg is a town, founded in 1256, that was originally in Prussia. After a stormy history, the town became part of Soviet Union and was renames Kaliningrad in 1946. In any event, during Eulers time the town had seven bridges (named Kramer, Schmiede, Holz, Hohe, Honig, Kottel, and Grunespanning) spanning the Pregel River. Figure 8.1 gives a simplified picture of how the bridges were originally configured (two of the bridges were later destroyed during World War II, and two other demolished by the Russians. History of Hamiltonian: Hamiltonian is introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton at 1857. He made a game called around the world and the originally in form of solid called dodecahedron. It has 20corners/for each corner, it called as town. The problem started when the travel started from one city to another city along the edge to arrive at city by only once arrived at one city. This is how the Hamiltonian is appearing. There is example of using Hamiltonian in life such as no-complete, n-cube and traveling salesman problem. Two types of Hamiltonian are Hamiltonian path and Hamiltonian cycle Introduction Path Path is the sequences of alternating vertices and edges. Which begin from a vertex and ended with a vertex. Each vertex is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple path Simple path is a path such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Below is a graph that gives differences between path and simple path. Path 1: v,b,x,h,z(simple path) Path 2 : u,c, w,f,y,g,x,e,d,v(path) Example of path is the way of bus direction from one destination to another destination. In other hand, simple path is a path that no complicated for example the direction from faculty of FTSM to faculty of FUU. Cycle Circle is a circular sequence of alternating vertices and edges. Each edges is preceded and followed by its endpoints. Simple cycle Simple cycle is a cycle such that all its vertices and edges are distinct. Cycle: u,c,w,e,x,g,f,w,d,v,a,u Simple cycle:v,b,x,g,y,f,w,c,u,a,v, Example of using cycle in life is when we travel to another place then come back to our home with using the different ways. Another example in ukm is the bus ways for example bus zone 2 will make a circle to take student and will come back to the initial location where the busy will take a rest. For simple cycle, we always see in sport, such as the court for athletes running especially in event of 400 * 100 meters. Then, we also can see in power plant program that is simple cycle power plant (pp) program. It gives much benefit such as optimized design, reduced engineering costs, short lead times, increase availability and fast startups also high operational flexibility. Connected Graph Connected graph is a graph that there exists a path between all pairs of vertices. If a graph is a directed graph, there exist a path between vertexes to each other that in the graph, is called as strongly connected graph. The examples of disconnected graphs: Example of using connected graph is use in building. For example Menara Berkembar Petronas, there is a bridge to connect the two buildings. Another example is the bridge of Pulau Pinang. First use to connect the island and peninsular Malaysia. Example of disconnected graph is other hand than connected graph. For example the building of one employee is not connected by bridge with another employee. Next, the Island of Sipadan is not connected by a bridge with Borneo land. An Euler path in a graph is a path which traverses each edge of the graph exactly once. An Euler cycle is an Euler path which is contains cycle. If there are no loop graphs, without isolated vertices, the continuation of an Euler path implies the connected of the graph, since traversing every edge of such a graph requires visiting each vertex at least once. But, when the connected graph has an Euler path, one can be constructed by applying Fleurys algorithm. A connected graph has an Euler path if it has exactly zero or two vertices of odd degree. If every vertex has even degree, the graph has an Euler cycle. The definition and properties of Euler paths, cycles and graphs are valid for multigraph as well. The seven bridge of Konigsberg In Konigsberg, Germany, a river ran through the city such that in its centre was an island, and after passing the island, the river broke into two parts. Seven bridges were built, so that the people of the city could get from one part to another part. A crude map of the centre of Konigsberg might look like this: The people wondered whether or not, one could walk around the city in a way that would involve crossing each bridge exactly once. Degree of vertex Term of degree of vertex in graph theory is the number of edges which connected to a vertex. Degree of vertex also known as local degree. The list of all degree of vertex is called as degree sequences. One way to find the number of vertex is count the number of degree for each vertex that endpoint. An easy way is draw a circle around the vertex and count the number of edges that cross the circle. The degree of vertex can be add or even. if the degree of vertex is even, it is known as degree vertex and the other hand, if the degree of vertex is odd, the vertex is called an odd vertex. To find out the degree of graph is by choose the largest degree of vertex. Example graph with have odd and even vertex: Example degree of vertex is application of roundabout because there are many roads that connected. Either the value is odd or even. The road can be representing as edges and the roundabout as the vertex. Another example is the number of use degree of vertex in electrical pole such as the number of wire connected to the one pole. Hamiltonian path: Hamiltonian path is also called as traceable path. Hamiltonian path is a path that visits each vertex exactly one and not repeated for each vertex in a graph. Hamiltonian graph us use to solve a problem when find a path that only visited each vertex only one in a graph. Hamiltonian cycle: Hamiltonian cycle is a cycle that goes through the entire city (vertex) only once for a graph. It cannot be repeated to reach a city for a one cycle except the starting and the ended city. Results of research and real world examples Graphs can be used to represent oil flow in pipes, traffic flow on motorways, transport of pollution by rivers, groundwater movement of contamination, biochemical pathways, and the underground network. The example of Euler path: There are many useful applications to Euler circuits and paths. Networks can be used to solve many difficult problems, like the Konigsberg Bridge problem. The can also used by mail carrier who wants to have a route where they do not retrace any of their previous steps. Other than that, Euler circuits and paths are also useful to painters, garbage collector, airplanes pilots and world navigators. Below are the examples of how Euler circuit and paths are useful in the real world. The maps that pilots use are called route maps. The route maps show the paths of the airplanes from one destination to another. Here is an example of actual route map. The centre for all travel with this airline is in Denver, Colorado. From there, we can travel to some of the major cities in the surrounding states. The Navigation below is a trip to see all different regions of the world. The above regions of the world have all been given different colors. Each region also has been given marked with a node or vertex and some (but not all) of the regions are connected with arcs. Conclusions and recommendations As the conclusion towards this particular project, the study of graphs and their properties is a classical subject in most computer science department around the world. Graph Theory can be further exploited by object-oriented software engineering, taking advantage of recent research in various fields. Other than that, Graph theory is one of the top reasons to learn linear Algebra. So, all graphs (included directed, weighted, and multi-graphs) can be represented intuitive by adjency matrices, and matrix operations often end up being meaningful in terms of graph they represent. Seeing the connection between a graph and its matrix helps to understand both of them, and being able to switch back and forth between mental models is often useful. For example, a person in many fields of modeling, are mostly easily thought of the weight graphs, and are most easily manipulated as matrices. By learning the entire graph, the student can get many benefits by it especially the computer science student. So, our recommendation towards this topic in order to make the student easy to learn and improve themselves are for example, ask the student to make a lot of exercise. Other than that, ask them to make an assignment about this topic. So that the student can search many information based on this topic and become more familiar and understand about graph theory

Farmland Industries Inc. Essay -- essays research papers fc

Introduction Today, when we hear the slogans "better farming, better food," or "proud to be farmer owned" one company comes to mind, Farmland Industries. We may think of this of this fortune 500 company as a leading agricultural powerhouse, which it is, however, it was not always that way. Background Farmland Industries Inc. was founded by Howard A. Cowden, who was born and raised in Southwestern Missouri. Cowden started young in the cooperative business by working for the Missouri Farmers Association (MFA). However; in October of 1927, he had resigned from the position of secretary for the MFA and started out on his own. Immediately following, Cowden received the MFA oil contract that previously had been held with Standard Oil Company, and Cowden was now in the wholesale oil business. On January 27, 1928, Cowden Oil Company was founded. This business was moved to Kansas City, Missouri in late 1928. In January of 1929, Cowden Oil Company was dissolved and Union Oil Company (Cooperative) was formed. It was clear that Cowden had planned to do more than just buy and sell oil to local cooperatives. A board of directors was created to run the company, yet Cowden retained full control over the company that he had created. Cowden started recruiting smaller companies to join their cooperative by signing contracts to sell certain amounts of Union’s products. In 1929, Union Oil Company had purchased its first land. "The Two Car Garage," as it is referred to, was the building that they had purchase to become their new home. In 1935, Union Oil Company changed its name to Consumers Cooperative Association (CCA). CO-OP was decided to be its official logo. In October of 1956, CCA moved to their new home on North Oak Trafficway, in Kansas City, and the company was ready for major business. In June of 1961, Howard A. Cowden retired as President of CCA and Homer Young stepped in to fill his shoes. In early to mid 1966, CCA changed its name again. This time to Farmland Industries, Inc., however; they still kept that CO-OP symbol for a trademark. CCA now emphasized much of its business to fertilizer, petroleum and commercial feed. This business only grew and grew for them. "By 1967, Farmland Industries had manufacturing fac... ...nternational consumer needs to be confident that they are getting excellent product at a competitive price. Farmland Industries is the crucial link between these two segments of the market. It is a system that has proven strong for many decades and promises to be strong for many more. WORKS CITED Alm, Rick. "Gamblin’ on the River." The Kansas City Star Almanac. 1996. Cabrera, Mario. Telephone interview. 20 Nov. 1996. Fite, Gilbert C. Beyond the Fence Rows. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 1978. Fite, Gilbert C. Farm to Factory. University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri, 1965. Hartke, Debby. "Farmland’s Harry Cleberg: Agri-marketer of the year." Agri Marketing June 1996: A-D. Tolley, Warren D. E-mail to the author. 8 October, 1996. "Top 125 Area Private Companies-Part I." Kansas City Business Journal 14 June 1996: 20-24. Appendix 1992 Annual Report. The Farmland Cooperative System, 1993. 1994 Annual Report. The Farmland Cooperative System, 1995. 1995 Annual Report. The Farmland Cooperative System, 1996. "We Bring Quality to the Table" The Farmland Cooperative System. 1996: 61 U.S. Bureau of the Census 1995.

Offshore Internet Gambling and the World Trade Organization Essay

Case Study Analysis of the Offshore Internet Gambling and the Wto Case Study Analysis: Offshore Internet Gambling and the World Trade Organization Running Head: Case Study Analysis of the Offshore Internet Gambling and the WTO Case Study Analysis: Offshore Internet Gambling and the World Trade Organization Ayman Naguib Abstract This case study analysis discusses the central issue of the case presented in the article, as well as the most relevant facts and assumptions with respect to the case under investigation. Furthermore, patterns that arise from reflection on these facts and assumptions with relation to external environment perspectives are described. The analysis also examines the consequences of not addressing the central issue of the case, and provides suggested actions in order to resolve it in the short and long term. Introduction The World Trade Organization (WTO) has been established as the world’s single international organization dealing with the rules and regulations governing trade between nations. In principal, the WTO is concerned with helping producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business within a competitive, non-discriminatory, open and transparent global trade framework. However, in reality, achieving these objectives is far from being e asy. The complexity of the WTO agreements signed by the majority of the world’s trading nations and collisions with national legislative frameworks, economic policies of the individual member states and political issues are the main hurdles in the way of achieving the objectives of the WTO. Consequently, several disputes have surfaced during the past decade. One of the most remarkable cases involved the Offshore Internet Gambling activities that take place in Antigua, a Caribbean island state. The importance of this case can be attributed to the fact that it was the first attempt by the WTO to examine cross-border electronic services as has been shown by Pontell, H., Geis, G., and Brown, G. (2007). The roots of the dispute between the USA and Antigua are undoubtedly related to the criminal prosecution of Jay Cohen, an American citizen that cofounded and ran an online gambling business licensed in Antigua. The basis of the prosecution was an alleged violation of the US Wire Act (U.S. Code, Title 18  §1604) (United States v. Cohen, 2001). The aforementioned statue was enacted in 1961, decades before the internet became publicly accessible. Antigua claimed that the USA has been using the complexity and opacity of its own legal system to deflect attention from the fundamental issue which is to retain revenues from internet Running Head: Case Study Analysis of the Offshore Internet Gambling and the WTO gambling within the US, which contradicts with the USA’s obligations as per the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) that the USA ratified. On the other hand, the USA claimed that the disputed activity poses financial and social threats to its citizens. Identification of the Central Issue While the GATS explicitly concedes the right of sovereign states to regulate and to devise laws on the supply of services within their countries to meet national policies and strategies (Krajweski and Marcus, 2003), aligning such regulations, legislative instruments and policies to the commitments of the individual states that are signatory to the GATS and vice versa is often a problematic affair that has led to a majority of the recent disputes handled by the WTO. This is clearly the case in the Internet Gambling dispute. Another issue is maintaining a balance between the special needs of developing and poorer countries and those of the richer and already developed countries, as far as the liberalization of service trade is concerned. Notably, a study of the WTO dispute settlement cases during the period from 1995 to 2006 (World Trade Organization [WTO], 2006) shows that the USA has been involved in approximately 38% of all disputes handled by the organization during that period. Most of these disputes involved developing countries. Notable Facts and Assumptions Based on a study of the facts and assumptions stated in the article, the following facts can be identified: ï‚ · ï‚ · The GATS was applicable to betting and gambling and the USA was in violation of the GATS treaty; The WTO mechanism allows sovereign states to restrict that trade of certain products or services that are deemed to pose risks to public morals and/or public order, provided that such products or services are the production of such products or rendering of such services should not be allowed domestically. However, as far as the USA is involved, gambling activities are permitted in several states, such as Nevada, Michigan and Ohio, amongst others; The American legal framework is complicated and somehow obscure due to the variation between State level laws and Federal laws; and The USA has ratified the GATS without making exclusions pertaining to gambling activities, unlike the Senegal which made an explicit exclusion in its agreement to rule out crossborder betting (WTO, 2005, p. 63); Similarly, the following assumptions can be pointed out: ï‚ · Antigua has demonstrated that it has devised rules and regulations aiming at addressing, as far as reasonably practicable, the concerns over fraud and under-age betting. In fact, the measures taken by the Antigua appear to be more stringent than those enforced within the US; Running Head: Case Study Analysis of the Offshore Internet Gambling and the WTO ï‚ · Suspicions have arisen as to the true motives behind the USA’s claims, which could indicate that the claim was driven by the desire to retain revenues generated from internet gambling; and Restrictions that the USA tried to impose over Internet gambling activities, would negatively affect the Antiguan economy. Arising Patterns and the External Environment The arising patterns suggest that on the technological environment, new technologies such as the internet and related technologies pose a challenge to national legislations and international regulatory frameworks which need to address the implications of such advancements. Furthermore, the political environment is affected by issues arising from the power that the more developed and rich nations try to exercise on poorer developing nations in order to enforce their national strategies, which can sometimes be in contradiction to the global inclination towards facilitating the growth of developing nations. As far as the economic environment is concerned, the consequences of such disputes may be greatly harmful for developing countries such as Antigua, compared to the impact it might have on developed nations such as the USA. For example, in 1999, 10 percent of Antigua’s gross national product (US$ 0.6 Billion) was generated from online gambling, which was equivalent to only 0.006 percent of the gross national product of the US during the same year. Consequences There are several consequences of not addressing the central issue identified in this analysis, the most significant amongst which is making agreements such as the GATS ineffective due to the collision between national interests of the more powerful countries and the brisk needs of developing countries. Furthermore, trade  imbalances and discriminatory global wealth distribution will be inevitable, which will clearly be inclined towards the more powerful and developed nations will have control. Recommended Actions In light of this analysis, the short-term actions that are suggested to resolve the central issue entail working towards streamlining the internet gambling business in Antigua in collaboration with the USA to ensure that concerns over fraud and underage gambling is reasonably addressed. Furthermore, the USA should adopt a more transparent approach that avoids double standards in deeming the legality of internet gambling. On the long term, an international framework is required in order to establish a more effective and transparent mechanism to maximise the alignment of national legislation with international treaties, without compromising the rights of each nation over its legislative instruments. Additionally, the WTO’s should enforce provisions that are meant to give developing nations a special and a more Running Head: Case Study Analysis of the Offshore Internet Gambling and the WTO lenient status when liberalisation of trade is concerned. These provisions should also be protected against unjust practices from developed nations. On the other hand, the WTO and particularly its developed nations’ members should assist developing countries to implement legislative reforms that ensure that such countries to achieve better governance and compliance in adopting more fair trade practices. Running Head: Case Study Analysis of the Offshore Internet Gambling and the WTO References CIA 2008. Antigua and Barbuda. The World Factbook, Updated August 7. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ac.html. Djordjevic M (2002) Domestic Regulation and Free Trade in Services – A Balancing Act. Legal issues on Economic Integration, vol 29, no 3. Krajweski, Marcus (2003). National Regulation and Trade Liberalization in Services: The Legal Impact of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) on National Regulatory Autonomy; Kluwer Law International, The Hague-London-New York. Lang, Andrew (2004) The GATS and Regulatory Autonomy:  A Case Study of Social regulation of the Water Industry, Journal of international Economic Law, 7(4). Mattoo Aaditya and Sauvà ¨, Pierre, Editors (2004. Domestic Regulation and Services Trade liberalization. World Bank and Oxford University Press. Pontell, H., Geis, G., and Brown, G. (2007). Offshore Internet gambling and the World Trade Organization: Is it criminal behavior or a commodity? International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 1(1), 119-136. Scott Sinclair and Jim Grieshaber-Otto (2002) Facing the Facts: A guide to the GATS Debate, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, Ottawa. World Trade Organization (2007). WTO Dispute Settlement : One-Page Case Summaries : 1995September 2006. Geneva: WTO Publications.

Punishment and Rehabilitation

Punishment and Rehabilitation The legislators closely evaluate various methods of crime prevention. As a rule, they focus on such approaches as punishment and rehabilitation. This paper is aimed at discussing the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment and Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Overall, one can argue that policy-makers should place more emphasis on rehabilitation since it is essential for the improvement of a person’s behavior. Nevertheless, this policy should be applicable to the individuals who are not convicted of felonies such as arson, murder, rape, or other aggravated crimes. This is the main argument that should be discussed more closely. At first, one should focus on punishment since this method has been the most widespread one in various countries, including the United States. This main advantage of this policy is that a person, who poses a significant threat to the society, can be fully isolated from the community. This argument is particularly relevant about people who committed serious felonies. Much attention should be paid to people convicted of homicide, rape, or child abuse (Waller, 2008, p. 265). For instance, some perpetrators of child abuse are very likely to commit this crime once again since therapy offered to these people is not very effective (Waller, 2008, p. 265). Under such circumstances, incarceration as a form of punishment seems to be the only option available to policy-makers. Furthermore, the victims can also demand retribution against people who inflicted suffering on them (Pollock, 2008, p. 60). In this case, punishment is a form of retributive justice. Nevertheless, there are significant weaknesses of this strategy. First of all, an individual, who might have committed some minor crime, can commit a recidivist offense. The incarceration does not produce significant changes in the behavior. It is more likel y that this individual can only become more deviant (Pollock, 2008). Furthermore, by focusing on punishment of offenders, the state can contribute to the increase of prison population (Kahan, 2008, p. 171). In turn, this policy can increase the burden carried by taxpayers. This is one of the main aspects that should be considered. In turn, it is possible to speak about rehabilitation. This strategy is based on the premise that an offender should have an opportunity to change or correct his/her behavior (Johnson Dipietro, 2012, p. 813). For instance, a person, who was pronounced guilty of storing drugs, should overcome the addition. Similarly, many crimes can be committed by people struggling with alcoholism.Advertising Looking for essay on common law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In turn, the rehabilitation is aimed at eliminating the factors that could have contributed to their crimes (Roesch, 2009, p. 110). The main strength of this policy is that it helps to reduce the rates of recidivism among convicted offenders (Johnson Dipietro, 2012). Nevertheless, this technique is relevant only in those cases, when a person does not pose a threat to the community. As it has been said before, the offenders are often required to undergo therapy. However, one cannot always ensure that this therapy prevents them from committing further offences. This argument is relevant if one speaks about perpetrators of child abuse. This is one of the risks that should be considered. Overall, these examples show that rehabilitation can be a more useful method of crime prevention since it reduces the risk of recidivism. In turn, the emphasis on punishment can lead to the increased governmental expenditures. Nevertheless, it is vital to remember that in many cases, law-enforcement agencies cannot rely on rehabilitation to make sure that an individual does harm other people. Therefore, the choice between rehabilitati on and punishment should be based on the study of a person’s background and the motives underlying his/her crime. Reference List Johnson, B., Dipietro, S. (2012). The power of diversion intermediate sanctions and sentencing disparity under presumptive guidelines. Criminology, 50(3), 811-850. Kahan, D. (2008). â€Å"Punishment Incommensurability†. In B. Waller (Ed.), You  decide!: current debates in criminal justice (pp. 167-175). New York, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall. Pollock, J. (2012). Ethical Dilemmas and Decisions in Criminal Justice. New York, NY: Cengage Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Punishment and Rehabilitation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Roesch, R. (2009). Forensic Psychology and Law. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Waller, B. (2008). Should There be Laws Requiring Registration and Community Notification for Convicted Sex Offenders. In B. Waller (Ed.), You decide!:  current debates in criminal justice (pp. 253-267). New York, NY: Pearson Prentice Hall.

Letter Recognition for Special Education

Letter Recognition for Special Education Letter recognition is the first skill a child needs to learn before beginning the task of learning decoding skills and then word recognition. Small children often learn to recognize the letters in their name first, and with that, they gain the understanding that letters, when put together, lead to meaning. Learning disabled children often do not. A reading disability can start anywhere on the chain that leads to reading fluency. It can often begin at the beginning: with letter recognition. Teachers sometimes make the mistake of â€Å"piling on,† trying to teach letter sounds at the same time as teaching letter recognition. Children who are clearly developmentally and intellectually ready to begin reading will quickly begin to see the relationship between letters and letter sounds. Learning disabled children will only find it confusing. Helping Learning Disabled Children with Letter Recognition: Consonants: When matching letters to pictures, stick to initial letter sounds for any letter matching and stick to one sound. Stick to the hard c and hard g. Never use â€Å"Circus† for the letter C. Never use gymnasium for the letter g. Or the vowel Y sound for the letter Y (Yellow, not Yodel.) Don’t try to get children to master the consonant sounds in the middle or final position until they are 100% with lower case d, p, b, and q. Vowels:  When teaching the vowels, stick to words that start with the short vowel sound, a is ant, not auto, aardvark, or Aspergers (none of which start with the short a sound.) Stick to short vowels, since they will be the glue for single syllable words. In Wilson Reading, a direct instruction program for reading, these are called closed syllables. Problems with Letter Orientation. Back in the 70s, reading professionals focused a lot on â€Å"dyslexia† with the belief that the primary problem was a letter or word reversal. It is true there are some children who do have a problem with letter orientation, but often learning disabled children have weak left-right orientation. We have noticed that young learning disabled children often have poor coordination and lack muscle tone. Multisensory Approaches to Letter Recognition Multi-sensory approaches are good to help learning disabled students build strong directionality. Hand over hand students who are not starting their letters correctly. This is not a place for creativity. Lower case d’s are circle stick. Lower case p’s are tail and circle. In that order. Always.   Sand writing: Wet sand in a dishpan or a wading pool. Have the children working on letter recognition make the letters as you call them out. Then give each of the children a turn to call out a letter for the others to make. Stick to one or two problem letters: b and p, g and q, or r and n. Try using a ruler for your letter bases.Pudding writing: Be sure hands are clean before initiating this activity. Tape waxed paper or clear wrap practice in on a table surface, and spoon out some chocolate (or another favorite) pudding on the paper/wrap. Have children spread the pudding out, like finger painting, and write the letters in the pudding as you call them out. Licking is allowed. Be sure to have plenty of paper towels handy.Sidewalk writing: Have your students write letters with sidewalk chalk as you call them out.Letter tag. Write letters on a hard surface playground. Stick to the ones you are focusing on. Call out a letter: anyone standing on the letter is safe. Call out another letter : the children need to run to another letter to be safe.