On Iron Laws of Economics :: Economics Essays

On "Iron Laws" of Economics ABSTRACT: 1. A strong interest shown by modern society to the sphere of economic attitudes, and connected to it the growing authority of the economists. - 2. Perception about the "iron" laws of economics as highest criteria of economic activity and life in general (economic fatalism). - 3. An exploration of the most widespread motives of housekeeping: struggle for a survival, earning one's "life", earning on "the black day". - 4. Logical "circumvention" of all these motives confirmed by the daily facts. - 5. Managing for the sake of managing - professions for amateurs. - 6. Narrowing the sphere of action of the economic "laws" from "all" to "wishing". - 7. Optionality of the "iron laws" of economy, even for those wishing to be engaged in it. (with examples). Dependence of economy on ethics and psychology. - 8. The essence of the moderate fatalism, its incompleteness and discrepancy. - 9. Economics as a game, initiated and regulated by the government. Decreasing of the status of econo mic game with the eldering of the population. - 10. Inevitability of occurrence of "shadow" sector in economy, which considers as its basic purpose the obtaining of the profit. 11. A dilemma rising before any man without preconception: to admit economy to be a "dirty business", fun for the adults, or to search for the "third" way, which... 12. ...on my sight, consists of returning to the initial sense of the word: economics-a reasonable running of an economy, or keeping house keeping) - 13. The elementary analysis of this definition. - 14. The task of philosophy of economics in the given context. - 15. Concept of "organic economics" demanded by real life, instead of the obsolete, and diminishing influence of the exclusively mechanical approach. Universal character of this concept. "Economics is a special world, with it's own laws and problems, dramas and contradictions" — The textbook "Modern Economics" Respectable colleagues! It's unlikely, that I need to explain to any of you, what place in our life the phenomena of economic order has achieved. The well-known "market attitudes" have penetrated into practically every, sphere of our life, even most intimate. The leading economists, beginning from Marx and ending with the present "liberals", habitually incur the role of critics and prophets, predicting the possible and even the certain future. In their own declarations, they have the right to do it, because of a vast knowledge of the nature of economics.

History of Dentistry Essay

Magic played an important part in the treatment of dental ills, and people of early ages had odd beliefs concerning teeth. The Egyptians believed that the mouse was under the direct protection of the sun, therefore if one had a toothache the split body of a warm mouse was applied to the affected side. In India the cusped of Buddha was enshrined in a famous temple (at Kandi) and prayed to in fertility rites. Prayers were offered up to saints for the relief of pain. St. Apollonia of Alexandria, 249 A.D., was one such saint. She is now the Patron Saint of Dentistry. II. Egyptians and Chinese. The first known dentist was an Egyptian named Hesi-Re (3000 B.C.). He was the chief dentist to the Pharaohs. He was also a physician, indicating an association between medicine and dentistry. In the 5th century B.C. Herodatus, a historian, described the medical art in Egypt: â€Å"The art of medicine is distributed thus: Each physician is a physician of one disease and no more; and the whole country is full of physicians, for some profess themselves to be physicians of the eyes, others of the head, others of the teeth, others of affections of the stomach, and others of more obscure ailments†. Dentistry today is somewhat specialized. The eight specialties are as follows: * 1901 Orthodontics * 1918 Oral Surgery * 1918 Periodontics * 1918 Prosthodontics * 1927 Pedodontics * 1937 Public Health * 1946 Oral Pathology * 1963 Endodontics The first evidence of a surgical operation was found in Egypt. A mandible with  two perforations just below the root of the first molar indicated the establishment of drainage of an abscessed tooth. The approximate date is 2750 B.C. The splinting of teeth also was practiced by Egyptians; evidence by a specimen from Cizeh, 2500 B.C. It shows two molars fastened with heavy gold wire. The Chinese were known to have treated dental ills with knife, cautery, and acupuncture, a technique whereby they punctured different areas of the body with a needle. There is no evidence of mechanical dentistry at that time, 2700 B.C., however. Marco Polo stated that the Chinese did cover teeth with thin gold leafs only as decorations, 1280 A.D. The earliest practice of the prosthetic arts was among the ancient Phoenicians circa 500 B.C. Hammarabi, ruler of all lower Meso-potamia (1760 B.C.), established a state controlled economy in which fees charged by physicians were set. His low code contained two paragraphs dealing with teeth: â€Å"If a person knocks out the teeth of an equal, his teeth shall be knocked out.† â€Å"If he knocks out the tooth of a freed slave, he shall pay one third of a mine.† Teeth were knocked out as a form of punishment among these early people. II. The Greeks, Etruscans and Romans A. The Greeks The contribution of the Greeks was mostly on the medical side. The ancient Greek physician, Aesculapius – 1250 B.C. – gained great frame for medical knowledge and skill. In time he was deified. Apollo was listed as his father. Aesculapius originated the art of bandaging and use of purgatives. He also advocated cleaning of teeth and extractions. Hippocrates (500 B.C.) was supposed to be a descendant of Aesculapius. Hippocrates became famous both as practitioner and writer on medical subjects. He did not believe in magic. He stressed nature’s role in healing. Hippocrates raised the art of medicine to a high level. Also in one of his texts (Peri-Arthron) he devoted 32 paragraphs to the dentition. He appreciated the importance of teeth. He accurately described the technique for reducing a fracture of the jaw and also for replacing a dislocated mandible. He was familiar with extraction forceps for this is mentioned in one of his writings. Aristotle – 384 B.C. – who follows Hippocrates, accurately described extraction forceps and in his book De Partibus Animal Culum devoted a complete chapter to the teeth. He also stated figs and soft sweets produce decay. He called it a putrefactive process instead of fermentative. B. The Etruscans. Etruscans (100 – 400 B.C.) in the hills of Central Italy made the greatest contribution in restorative dentistry. In Italian museums there are numerous specimens of crowns and bridges which were the equal of many made in Europe and America up until 1870 when the dental engine was invented. A very unusual specimen is a bridge constructed about 2500 years ago. This consists of several gold bands fastened to natural teeth and supporting three artificial teeth, two of which are made from a calf’s tooth grooved in the center to appear like two central incisors. Etruscan art, seen at its best in Florence, reflects some oriental influence but essentially it is their own. Conquered in 309 B.C., they were absorbed by the Roman Empire. VII. Founding of Universities and Introduction of Dental Texts Around 1300 universities like those at Paris, Oxford and Bologna were founded and important books made their appearance. One such text, Chirurgia Magna, was written by the famous French surgeon Guy de Chauliac in 1386. In this test he devoted some space to pathology and therapeutics of the teeth. Chauliac was first to coin the term dentator and dentists. The English term dentist came from his original terms. Following Chauliac cam Giovanni de Arcoli in 1400. His opinions and instruments were somewhat modern. His pelican for extraction of teeth was used for years and his root forceps could be used today. He advised good oral cleaning habits and to avoid hot and cold substances and sweet stuffs. He was first to mention filling teeth with gold. IV. Women in Dentistry. The first woman dentist in England was a widow of Dr. Povey – 1719. When he died she took over his practice. The first woman dentist in the United States was Emeline Rupert Jones of Connecticut. She too, took over her husband’s practice after he died. In 1854, soon after they were married, she offered to assist him. He refused, stating that dentistry was no occupation for frail and clumsy fingers. Secretly she filled several hundred extracted teeth and demonstrated her skill to her husband. He then let her operate on a few of his patients. After his death, she took over and practiced for at least 50 years. She was accepted in both the Connecticut State Dental Society in 1893 and National Dental Association in 1914. The honor of being the first woman graduate dentist goes to Dr. Lucy Hobbs, 1865. She graduated from the Ohio Dental College. Creighton University Boyne School of Dental Science: 1. Dr. Ellen Kelley – first woman graduate – 1908. 2. Dr. Marilyn Bradshaw – 1949 Last female graduate until: 3. Dr. Cheri Lewis – 1976 – first woman since Dr. Bradshaw. So as you can see, the history of Dentistry, involving rigorous discoveries and improvements, has come a long way. Entering the dental field is an unpredictable journey within itself.

Suicide Terrorism - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1398 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/07/03 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Suicide Essay Did you like this example? During my research with these four articles, I found that they all ask one important question. My research was about suicide terrorism, and the four articles are going to help explain my point. That one question is: why are suicide bombers considered as heroes and why do they get so much praise for what they do? Throughout the paper, I am going to weave these four articles to help answer the question I find so important throughout each of the the four reading. In the first article written by Mia Bloom, Palestinian Suicide Bombing: Public Support, Market Share, and Outbidding, she asks one question. Throughout the article, she tries to answer why the opinion of Palestinians support suicide bombers. Bloom talks about how suicide bombings were intermittent and intended to undermine legitimacy of Palestinian authority as well as to negatively affect peace process (Bloom, 66). After the year 2000, the support for suicide bombers jumped tremendously in terms that groups did it to show power. Since Palestinians lives did not change near November 2000, Islamic Jihad as well as Hamas started a new type of violence were they would carry out missions of martyrdom operations to up their profile as well as win external donor support (Bloom, 69). During this time, it was getting major support from the public about martyrdom attacks and continued to increase over the next two years. Basically, this article talks about Palestinian organizations use suici de bombers to gain an edge over government because they were not getting what they wanted. They felt that they were not peaceful negotiations, so they took matters into their own hands and turned it into violence: suicide bombings. But we have yet to answer the question from this article, and according to Bloom she states that people chose to commit these bombings is because of fanaticism and despair (Bloom, 80). As within the other three articles, these bombers tend to be lower class citizens with few opportunities. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Suicide Terrorism" essay for you Create order In Hafezs article, Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the making of Suicide Bombers: A Preliminary Theoretical Synthesis and Illustrative Case Study, he also talks about and tries to understand why suicide bombers blow themselves up and are considered heroes when they do these acts. Throughout Hafezs piece, he gives different examples similar to what the other authors believe make people want to become suicide bombers. He talks about people wanting to do it for personal reasons because they feel as though their life does not start until the after life as well as religious reasons and traditions. He talks about two parts of suicide terrorism, rationalist and culturalist (Hafez, 167). Rationalist terrorism is like thinking rationally, you do things that you believe are the best way to handle certain situations. Culturalist terrorism is like doing things for a purpose and fulfilling what someone believes is the best way to handle certain situations, such as suicide bombings. Also in Hafezs article, he mentions that suicide bombers do this because of personal reasons. He also gives statistics of when suicide bombings became popular as well as how it started and how much it increased in terms of percentage, which is an extremely high number. Him and Bloom are similar when they each state that support for suicide bombings can be because of negotiating processes in terms of Palestinians. In Brym and Arajs article, Palestinian Suicide Bombing Revisited: A critique of the Outbidding Thesis, the authors talk about how social scientists argued that numerous factors motivate the outbreak of waves of Palestinian suicide attacks. This article plants different hypothesis and then gives an extensive amount of information to try and answer that hypothesis. Brym and Araj use Mia Bloom and her arguments for suicide bombers and they really try to disprove her findings. Suicide bombing hit a major uproar in terms of support in late 2000. This was increased due to people not supporting the Fatah as much as they used to be as well as the support for Hamas, which increased compared to the Fatah. Along with the other two articles, this article believes that suicide bombings are due to bad negotiations, for revenge and also to win support. The authors also use other sources throughout the paper to prove their point. I am convinced by the authors arguments because they use outside sourc es to help prove their point throughout the paper, as well as use tables and diagrams showing statistics to also help prove the point they try and get across. In the last article, From Columbine to Palestine: A comparative analysis of rampage shooters in the United States and volunteer suicide bombers in the Middle East by Lankford and Hakim, the article talks about the difference of rampage shooters and suicide bombers. In this article, it talks about how each are viewed in their respective countries as well as some of the similarities between the two. Rampage shooters are termed as troubling people with mental issues but if you look at people in the Middle East and suicide bombers, they get looked at a good people who things for their families sake and because of Religion. All though they get looked at differently, they also are somewhat similar in how they have troubled backgrounds and also troubled childhoods for that matter (Lankford Hakim, 102). As crazy as it seems that one of these groups of people get praised and the other group gets looked at differently, they do share same principles and I think that obviously we are a differen t country than the Middle East but to think that two horrendous acts can be treated as such is somewhat mind-boggling. Personally, I am convinced by the authors argument. I would say that I am convinced because of how the two acts are treated. For example, Suicide bombers in the Middle East are praised and loved for carrying out their role, whereas rampage shooters are looked at as weird and mentally ill people. The different perceptions between the two along with the examples used help ensure my certainty that I am convinced that the authors arguments are correct. Finally, I think that all four articles can tail back to my main point, and that is asking why do suicide bombers get considered as heroes as well as getting praise for what they do. The articles each give an explanation as well as having some of the same thoughts as other articles. Main reasons why suicide bombers get praise is because they do it out of Religion. Not only do they do it out of Religion, but they also want to leave a lasting mark on earth. To Palestinian suicide bombers, living on earth is just simply setting you up for the future. They believe that their life doesnt actually start until after their time on earth. Becoming a suicide bomber is simply a calling for them, and something that they need to do or they will be considered going against God. Along with becoming suicide bomber and being considered a hero, they also get looked at differently compared to what the United States think of rampage shooters. That question is still left up for grabs as why they would be considered different in their terms, but in our terms we believe that they are both wrong and there is no justifying it. Overall, I thought the four articles were very interesting and telling at the same time. Out of the four articles that I have read, I believe that Hafezs article Rationality, Culture, and Structure in the Making of Suicide Bombers best explains the question in common. Hafezs article best represents what these four articles are trying to talk about. He has strong points as well as important statistics to back up what he believes why people want to become suicide bombers. If I had to base it off who did the second best explaining it, I would personally say that Blooms article Palestinian Suicide Bombing: Public Support, Market Share, and Outbidding would be my second choice in terms of who I thought explained why people chose to become suicide bombers. If there was one that I thought was different and more harder to understand, it would be Brym and Arajs article Palestinian Suicide Bombing Revisited: A critique of the Outbidding Thesis. This was harder to try and pinpoint exactly what the article was trying to do other than find hypothesis ideas from Mia Bloom and then debunk her findings.